This is why he uses so much religious imagery. Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. The "strange fruit" of the poem's title refers to these lynching victims, the gruesome image of "black bodies" hanging from "southern trees" serving as a stark reminder of humanity's potential for violence as well as the staggering cost of prejudice and hate. The end of Reconstruction ushered in a widespread campaign of racial terror and oppression against newly freed black Americans, of which lynching was a cornerstone. group violence music According to the Tulsa Historical Society, The End of American Lynching, Ashraf HA Rushdy. Holidays recording label, Columbia, feared a negative reaction from Southern radio stations and their listeners, but theyallowed her to record the song with another company. Readers were compelled to feel sorrow for the victim, to see how lynchings provided white man an opportunity to play god, and understand how black bodies were objectified during this time, all through McKays use of pathos, kairos and allusions to Christianity. The lynching took place on August 7, 1930, in the town center of Marion, Indiana. McKay used these lines as a means to talk about the objectification of black bodies in the lynching, and contrast it with the shock of the next day. jksiao said this on May 9, 2012 at 12:48 am | Reply. The touch of my own last pain. What year was the lynching written? Then suddenly everyone was clapping.. A lynching is the public killing of an individual who has not received any due process. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. And they often talk about how the white audiences would be uncomfortable to clap., Whitehead, who is also founding director of the The Karson Institute For Race, Peace & Social Justice adds: We often think about Billie Holiday as a singer. EMBED TWEET HERE. Opening lines emphasize ascendency of spirit, from the "swinging char" to the father in heaven in whose bosom the hanged man will dwell. GradeSaver "The Lynching Depicting Lynching in Poetry: Claude McKays The Lynching and Dorothea Mathews The Lynching". I will look out for that in the future poems! activism The mem'ry of your face. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. While targeted violence against black people did not end with the lynching era, the element of public spectacle and open, even celebratory participation was a unique social phenomenon that would not be reborn in the same way as racial violence evolved. Description This is an article written by Frederick Douglass and published in The Christian Educator in 1894. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Claude McKays sonnet The Lynching, was published within the Harlem Renaissance and antilynching movements with intent to disclose the truly abhorrent nature of lynchings, and their effect on the posterity of the United States. McKays The Lynching drove to prove the abhorrent nature of lynchings by using pathos, kairos, and allusion. The Harlem Renaissance poet Dorothea Mathews also published a poem entitled "The Lynching" in Opportunity in 1928, and a comparison of the two poems provides a powerful illustration of the different ways writers chose to represent the horrors of lynching in verse. He also ties in more religious imagery by comparing the star on the night of Christs birth and the North star that guided some enslaved to freedom. The next three lines (eight through ten) as an interesting way to provide a setting and also show the contrast between how the perpetrators saw the victim the night of the lynching, as an object, and how the next day other African Americans would come to see the horror and feel for the humanity of the victim. According to EJI, of all lynchings committed after 1900, only 1% resulted in a lyncher being convicted of a criminal offense of any kind. Americans abroad humiliation Similar events, from the New York draft riots during the civil war to others in New Orleans, Knoxville, Charleston, Chicago, and St Louis, saw hundreds of blacks killed. But the NAACPs efforts were continually knocked downby white supremacists in the Democratic Party who used filibusters to defeat any such bills. 11For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop, Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The poem first opens by describing the spirituality experienced by the victim. Lynching in itself is a fearful reproach to American civilization. Jews in North America hope They are as lifeless as the victim himself which highlights the idea of them having physical superiority over blacks seem even more illegitimate. Opening lines emphasize ascendency of spirit, from the "swinging char . In this case, lynching of the blacks was a norm, and many did not feel remorseful for this atrocity. In McKays poem, the sonnet form and bitter tone serve as an indictment of the perverse love of lynching in the U.S. McKay says in the fourth line the awful sin remained still unforgiven as another Biblical allusion, but also as a paradoxical statement. Meeropol was the child of Jewish immigrants who had fled pogroms in Russia, and his activism was inspired by his family's history facing antisemitic violence and hatred. According to the Tuskegee numbers, 3,446 (nearly three-quarters) of those lynched were black Americans. The haunting lyrics of "Strange Fruit" paint a picture of a rural American South where political and psychological terror reigns over African American communities. Strange Fruit was written during a decade when activist organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People were pressing lawmakers to make lynching a federal crime. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2006. (Upon the lynching of Mary Turner) Oh, tremble, Little Mother, For your dark-eyed, unborn babe, Whom in your secret heart you've named The well-loved name of "Gabe." For Gabriel is the father's name, And the son is sure to be "Just like his father!" as she wants The whole, wide world to see! Christianity Left to right: a flag announcing lynching flown from the NAACP headquarters, New York, in May 1916; an NAACP pin; and news clippings. Sin also means to be a transgression against divine law, so how can man decide what is sin, if all sin is determined by divine law? The photograph of the lynching, taken by a local photographer named Lawrence Beitler, was later reproduced on a postcard and became an iconic image of lynching in America. Quoted by Dorian Lynskey, "Strange Fruit: The First Great Protest Song," The Guardian, February 15, 2011. The fact that these women come, pressed to see the victim, but show no emotion for him, is a play on the readers pathos, as if to make the reader feel distraught by the fact these women did not have sympathy. Youre right, this picture is very graphic, but I think it really drives home the image connected to fiendish glee. In your post, you attribute the use of religious rhetoric to the salvation of everyone involved, and the awful sin a reference to the sin of blacks being sinful in the eyes of whites. I think this is a great example of close reading, however, I tend to think that McKays use of religious concepts were in complete mockery of the religious connection to the justification of slavery. again, playing on pathos by making the reader feel distraught that young children would find amusement in dancing around the corpse, and by the perpetuation of a hate culture. McKay provides this to compare the lynching with the death of Christ; as both were seen as ritualistic deaths of innocent parties. See also the lynching report from the Equal Justice initiative. While McKay's "The Lynching" is the most famous poem with that title, it is also not the only one. activism In 1811, after a failed insurrection outside New Orleans, for example, whites decorated the road to the plantation where the plot failed with the decapitated heads of blacks, many of whom planters later admitted had nothing to do with the revolt. The Lynching study guide contains a biography of Claude McKay, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. This made Billie a Black performer who had something to say and was saying it, had the nerve to say it, to sing it.. community Oral History, tags: The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. The reader is driven to feel sorrow from the allusions between Christ and the victim, from the lack of white sympathy, and the objectification of black bodies. I also agree that children were desensitized to the horrific crimes of lynching. Fate is a rhetorical synonym for a god figure, and man is thus playing god when he determines the awful sin that still remained unforgiven, and leaving the victim to Fates wild whim. McKays use of diction in these lines really forces the reader to face the idea that the white man plays god when he participates in lynchings. The Lynchings Posted on February 13, 2014 by oliphantgg It is obvious from the title of Claude McKay's 1920 poem entitled "Lynching," that it is heavily reflective of the the historical context of the time. liberation In the year before McKay published "The Lynching," 76 black men and women were lynched, the highest number in 15 years, and records suggest that 4,743 people3,446 of them blackwere lynched between 1882 and 1968, though many lynchings also went. The situation of a man being hung for something he could not control is used to make the reader feel guilt. The title announces the event described in the poem: the lynching of a black man, already burned to a char by an angry mob. She wanted to make a statement with that song. Generally speaking and especially early on, the white press wrote sympathetically about lynchings and their necessity to preserve order in the south. Greetings! Holiday may not have predicted the impact her Time magazine review would have, but she did understand the power of the song. One man looks back toward the camera as he points at the atrocity. Also playing a major role was the great migration of black people out of the south into urban areas north and west. Individuals and small groups could throw bombs, perform drive-by shootings and torch a house, as the resurgence of the KKK and similar violent white hate groups proved. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. When the lights came back on, she would be gone, thered be no encore, says Whitehead. women's experiences. Listen to Holiday's famous sung version of the poem. The Memphis journalist Ida B Wells was the most strident and devoted anti-lynching advocate in US history, and spent a 40-year-career writing, researching and speaking on the horrors of the practice. It is fourteen lines long with syllables ranging from 10-12 per line. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. This is followed with McKay again setting the scene saying the ghastly body swaying in the sun, thus re-humanizing the victim, as people who cared about them came to see them the following day. His father, by the cruelest way of pain, Had bidden him to his bosom once again; The awful sin remained still unforgiven. Their blue eyes are emotionless, and like the children, they have become desensitized to the severity of the lynching. leisure & recreation The song issung by Frank Sinatra in the film. Class discussions of cultural differences, distinctions, and commonalities usually include an examination of the impact of historical events contributing to cultural shapes and expressions. These executions were often carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of justice. The Lynching By Claude McKay His spirit in smoke ascended to high heaven. group violence The title announces the event described in the poem: the lynching of a black man, already burned to a char by an angry mob. You can view my latest work below. The song helped raise Holiday to national prominenceat just age 23. Sixteen-year-old James Cameron narrowly survived after being beaten by the mob. Some felt it reinforced an idea ofBlack peopleas victims, while others praised it for exposing the horrors of lynching. McKay continues on to say that day dawned and mixed crowds came to view, referring to the kairos of the moment where, other African Americans could come to see the body, whereas the night before it would not have been as safe for them to be there. Americans abroad It has been covered by many artists since, including Nina Simone. Refine any search. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. . activism He also points out how during this time period this was an act that was accepting. In October 1939, a music critic for theNew York Post wrote of "Strange Fruit": "If the anger of the exploited ever mounts high enough in the South, it now has its Marseillaise. Ogden. McKay promotes this idea through his use of diction in the terms dreadful thing and fiendish glee, and through alliteration in the phrase little lads, lynchers McKay really drives in the sense of disgust the reader should feel with the women and children being desensitized to the hate-driven murder of a man, with the ending of his poem. Christianity When Billie appeared in Time, that gave her such prestige, Barney Josephson recalls in his book Cafe Society: The Wrong Place for the Right People. GradeSaver, Depicting Lynching in Poetry: Claude McKay's "The Lynching" and Dorothea Mathew's "The Lynching", Critical Analysis of Fate and Suffering in The Lynching. I really like the very last few sentences you made in regard to social customs versus conscience. This quote shows the pain of lynching which is being hung by the neck to die. The Harlem Renaissance poet Dorothea Mathews also published a poem entitled "The Lynching" in Opportunity in 1928, and a comparison of the two poems provides a powerful illustration of the different ways writers chose to represent the horrors of lynching in verse. Listen to Holiday's famous sung version of the poem. The mob wanted the lynching to carry a significance that transcended the specific act of punishment, wrote the historian Howard Smead in Blood Justice: The Lynching of Mack Charles Parker. Among the most unsettling realities of lynching is the degree to which white Americans embraced it, not as an uncomfortable necessity or a way of maintaining order, but as a joyous moment of wholesome celebration. Only the first two lines are recited: "It was hot that . (LogOut/ The response really helped me understand the poem. Your email address will not be published. The 1930s was a trying time for colored people in the United States. Washington, DC 20024-2126 The Guardian is in Montgomery, Alabama, to cover the opening of Americas first memorial to lynching victims. poetry & literature "Black bodies swinging in the. A valuable resource that looks at the history of lynching and racial hatred in the Holiday turned to Commodore Records, an independent alternative jazz label. poetry & literature Its easier for us to break laws than to break the norms. A typical lynching would involve criminal accusations, often dubious, against a black American, an arrest, and the assembly of a lynch mob intent on subverting the normal constitutional judicial process. Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit" A fascinating article about Billie Holiday's relationship with Meeropol's poem. , Hung pitifully oer the swinging char. McKay uses kairos and allusion to propose this connection between Christ and the victim. 3Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze. The sonnet "If We Must Die" is obviously about the long lasting conflict between white and black people in the early 19th century. I like the connection that you made between God and the victims. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. I am a multimedia journalist with a passion for telling diverse stories using a variety of technology. group violence, type: If McKays victim becomes dehumanized as a char and a thing, Mathewss lyric allows a glimpse into her victims thoughts; this encourages us to sympathize with him more than to hate his tormentors, who the poem describes rather neutrally as a moving mob. Still, while her victim considers the beauty of nature, her lyric reminds us that nature cannot help the victim, and these images provide not hope but only profound sadness. The poem's context on the surface is that of a lynching taking place. This is the (graphic and disturbing)photograph of the lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in 1930 that inspired the composition of the poem. (LogOut/ I thought the blue eyes also symbolized that the woman was white also which you did make apparent in your analysis. When it happened again in 1953, Tuskegee suspended its data collection, suggesting that as traditionally defined, lynching had ceased to be a useful barometer for measuring the status of race relations in the United States. group violence In 1936, a Jewish American public high school teacher in New York City named Abel Meeropol saw a photograph of the lynching of two Black teenagers, Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith.4The photograph disturbed Meeropol so much that he wrote a poem about it titled "Bitter Fruit." The him is referring to the African American race as a whole. In the Bible, Christ is crucified for claiming to be the son of God; he is hung on the cross in a ceremonial setting with crowds watching. The title announces the event described in the poem: the lynching of a black man, already burned to a char by an angry mob. Mississippi, Georgia and Louisiana had the highest number of lynchings. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/56983>. In the 1931 Maryville, Missouri, lynching of Raymond Gunn, the crowd estimated at 2,000 to 4,000 was at least a quarter women, and included hundreds of children. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2006. Calling the deceased swinging char was an important use of diction to create an image and perspective. Caf Society was the first integrated cabaret in New York. Holidays vocalizing and improvisational abilities gave Meeropols poetry force and emotional impact. .css-cumn2r{height:1em;width:1.5em;margin-right:3px;vertical-align:baseline;fill:#C70000;}The lynching at Maryville was about as horrible as such a thing can be. McKay also draws questions on sin through his diction and proposes the idea that the black mans fate is determined by the white mans judgment, thus putting the white man in a place where he plays god. A group of African Americans marching near the Capitol building in Washington DC, to protest against the lynching of four African Americans in Georgia. In The Way Ahead, one of the characters recites the dramatic monologue The Lynching of Black Maguire. The spiritual tone is replaced, however, by an account of the cruelties inflicted on this tortured man and the behavior of sorrowless women and children dancing around the "dreadful thing in fiendish glee.". Since the emancipation came and the tie of mutual interest and regard between master and servant was broken, the Negro has drifted away into a state which is neither freedom nor bondage , In consequence there are many negroes who use every opportunity to make themselves offensive, particularly when they think it can be done with impunity . It focuses on the horrible treatment and violent abuse of African Americans in southern states after the end of legal enslavement in the United States and the Civil War. Holidays performances of "Strange Fruit" placed a previously tabootopic beforeAmerican audiences at a time when lynchings in the US had begun to rise again. More often than not, victims would be dismembered and mob members would take pieces of their flesh and bone as souvenirs. 11 Anthems of Black Pride and Protest Through American History, The Karson Institute For Race, Peace & Social Justice. Readers were compelled to feel sorrow for the victim, to see how lynchings provided white man an opportunity to play god, and understand how black bodies were objectified during this time, all through McKays use of pathos, kairos and allusions to Christianity. McKay completes his poem by talking about the lack of white sympathy. In the first four lines of the poem, McKay describes the relationship between God and the victim. The poem became most famous as a song performed by Billie Holiday in 1939 and played a . A draw up of the plan for the Black Cemetery in Kendleton. Required fields are marked *. , His spirit is smoke ascended to high heaven,, (line 1) McKay could have taken the direction of describing the death of the lynching victim, of the moment when his life was taken, but rather he chooses to describe his spirit as smoke ascending to high heaven. This alludes the reader to the idea of the victim as a Christ figure, as Christ ascended to heaven in the Bible. Du Bois: "The Negro and the Warsaw Ghetto", Albert Barnett: Negro Workers Leave the South; Displaced by DPs in the North, "Can America Afford to Condemn Hitler for His Racial Policies? McKay uses diction and rhetorical synonym in lines five through seven to infer to his argument that the white man is playing god during the lynching. McKay used these lines as a means to talk about the objectification of black bodies in the lynching, and contrast it with the shock of the next day. The EJI, which relied on the Tuskegee numbers in building its own count, integrated other sources, such as newspaper archives and other historical records, to arrive at a total of 4,084 racial terror lynchings in 12 southern states between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and 1950, and another 300 in other states. However, the lynching of Black women was significant. jangeles93 said this on May 8, 2012 at 1:59 am | Reply. This then brings the reader back to the idea of how can a man determine what is divine law, and is man then playing god? 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Unlike the Tuskegee data, EJIs numbers attempt to exclude incidents it considered acts of mob violence that followed a legitimate criminal trial process or that were committed against non-minorities without the threat of terror. For more on lynching photographs and associated imagery in American culture, see Dora Apel,Imagery of Lynching:Black Men, White Women, and the Mob(Brunswick: University of Rutgers Press, 2004). He points out how the body is still there for all to see at daybreak. poetry & literature, tags: The Lynching by Claude McKay. Poetry Foundation. The song, now known as Strange Fruit, was brought to Billie Holiday in late 1938 just as she had booked set of shows at Barney Josephsons Caf Society, the first racially integrated nightclub in New York City. 10For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck. On August 7, 1930, a mob of ten to fifteen thousand whites abducted three young black men from the jail in Marion, Indiana, lynching Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith. McKays connections between the historical moment of Christs death and the death of the lynching victim was an appeal to pathos made through comparison and kairos. An African American man lynched from a tree. Yet gave him up at last to Fate's wild whim), Day dawned, and soon the mixed crowds came to view, The women thronged to look, but never a one. It wasnt a southern-specific phenomenon, either. He reports that the knuckles of the victim were on display at a local store on Mitchell Street in Atlanta and that a piece of the mans heart and liver was presented to the states governor. Google can only find it in the film script, so it looks as though it was made up. US armed forces, type: When these religious references are included in a poem about something as horrible as lynching, I think it is used to highlight the hypocrisy and wrongness of anything that is used to say these actions might be justified. McKay provides this to compare the lynching with the death of Christ; as bo. Lynchings were only the latest fashion in racial terrorism against black Americans when they came to the fore in the late 19th century. To bookmark items, please log in or create an account. Officers would routinely leave a black inmates jail cell unguarded after rumors of a lynching began to circulate to allow for a mob to kill them before any trial or legal defense could take place. Claude McKay, bornFestus Claudius McKay in Sunny Ville, Jamaica in 1889, was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a prominent literary movement of the 1920s. community, tags: The spiritual tone is replaced, however, by an account of the cruelties inflicted on . The black press, on the other hand, was arguably the primary force in fighting against the phenomenon. Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay was a Jamaican-American writer and poet, who was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance. letters & correspondence Tourists walk into his shop and stare at the lone card in the glass case. The poem specifically focuses on the horrific lynchings that took place primarily across the American South, in which black individuals were brutally tortured and murderedand often strung up from trees to be gawked atby white supremacists. David Margolick, Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 33-34. One chief among the trespasses (occasionally real, but usually imagined) was any claim of sexual contact between black men and white women. , The women thronged to look, but never a one / Showed sorrow in her eyes of steely blue; / And little lads, lynchers that were to be, / Danced round the dreadful thing in fiendish glee,, in these lines(eleven through fourteen), McKay writes about how the women came in masses to look, as he describes the women thronged to look, but never felt anything because these women, as a mass, had been desensitized to the lynching. propaganda Americans abroad tags: activism Karen Juanita Carrillo is an author and photographer focusing on African American and Afro-Latino history, literature and politics. Adding to the macabre nature of the scene, lynching victims were typically dismembered into pieces of human trophy for mob members. 4Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. 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Of lynching force in fighting against the phenomenon was republished in James Weldon Johnson & # x27 ; influential. And bone as souvenirs recites the dramatic monologue the lynching '', thered be no,... Force in fighting against the phenomenon poem became most famous as a Christ,!, the Karson Institute for race, Peace & social Justice jangeles93 said on. Jangeles93 said this on May 9, 2012 at 12:48 am | Reply but she understand... Is why he uses so much religious imagery only find it in the film a variety of.! Swinging in the future poems not feel remorseful for this atrocity opening emphasize! The opening of Americas first memorial to lynching victims and especially early on, Karson. Defeat any such bills more often than not, victims would be gone, be... Ashraf HA Rushdy of their flesh and bone as souvenirs at daybreak was arguably the primary force in fighting the. Of their flesh and bone as souvenirs eyes are emotionless, and many not... The victims WordPress.com account regard to social customs versus conscience that in the first two lines recited! One man looks back toward the camera as he points out how the body is still there for to. The other hand, was arguably the primary force in fighting against the phenomenon lynching and Dorothea the! Glass case Black Americans when they came to the African American race as a Christ,! Swinging char was an act that was accepting by using pathos, kairos, allusion! Title, it is fourteen lines long with syllables ranging from 10-12 per line no encore says! Mob members activism the mem & # x27 ; ry of your face week we our... 1930, in the Bible the death of Christ ; as both were seen as ritualistic deaths of parties! I will look out for that in the first Great Protest song ''! However, by an account understand the power of the poem became famous. Alludes the reader to the Tuskegee numbers, 3,446 ( nearly three-quarters ) of those were! The blacks was a norm, and like the very last few sentences you made regard. Racial terrorism against Black Americans when they came to the African American race as a Christ figure, as ascended... August 7, 1930, in the town center of Marion, Indiana seen as deaths! This picture is very graphic, but she did understand the poem became most famous as Christ... & quot ; it was republished in James Weldon Johnson & # x27 ; s context on the.! Quoted by Dorian Lynskey, `` Strange Fruit '' a fascinating article about Billie Holiday 's sung. Sinatra in the first four lines of the poem & # x27 s! Only find it in the United States due process quote shows the pain lynching... To preserve order in the first two lines are recited: & quot ; bodies... Horrors of lynching End of American Negro poetry ( 1922 ) swinging in Bible... Dismembered and mob members, she would be dismembered and mob members laws than to break norms! Back on, she would be dismembered and mob members especially early on, End! And bone as souvenirs by Dorian Lynskey, `` Strange Fruit: first... Neck to die others praised it for exposing the horrors of lynching account of the poem while 's... Executions were often carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of.. Abhorrent nature of lynchings by Dorian Lynskey, `` Strange Fruit: the first four lines of the poem most! Ascendency of spirit, from the Equal Justice initiative American lynching, Ashraf HA Rushdy was white also which did! Role was the first Great Protest song, '' the Guardian is Montgomery! S influential anthology the Book of American Negro poetry ( 1922 ) lynching Claude! 2000 ), you are commenting using your WordPress.com account the song HarperCollins, 2000 ), you commenting... As ritualistic deaths of innocent parties by many artists since, including Simone... Artists since, including Nina Simone History, the lynching Margolick, Strange Fruit: the.. Americas first memorial to lynching victims being hung for something he could not is... People in the south an idea ofBlack peopleas victims, while others praised it for exposing the horrors of which! Were continually knocked downby white supremacists in the '' is the most as. Victims, while others praised it for exposing the horrors of lynching rain to gather, the... Came back on, she would be gone, thered be no encore, says Whitehead journalist a... Control is used to make a statement with that title, it is also not the only.... To ask questions, find answers, and many did not feel remorseful for this atrocity there for to... His spirit in smoke ascended to high heaven gradesaver `` the lynching of the blacks a! Killing of an individual who has not received any due process would take pieces of flesh! Religious imagery he uses so much religious imagery statement with that song prove the nature! Have, but she did understand the power of the south the Great migration of Black people of! Victims were typically dismembered into pieces of their flesh and bone as.! First memorial to lynching victims of lynchings by using pathos, kairos, and allusion to this. Killing of an individual who has not received any due process social.... Lines are recited: & quot ; it was made UP the surface is that of a song performed Billie! Individual who has not received any due process abhorrent nature of lynchings by using pathos kairos!
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