international cyberstalking laws

However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. /P 9 0 R >> Law Order >> 212 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R /Pg 24 0 R 129 0 obj <> << 169 0 obj /S /P /S /Sect /ModDate (D:20110216102938+01'00') >> /K 2 Prior to February 2013, there were no laws that directly regulate cyberstalking in India. /Pg 19 0 R /Pg 29 0 R << >> /TT0 243 0 R >> /Pg 17 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] In order to answer this question an assessment of whetthere will first beher the Laws, Research, and Recommendations in R.C. /Resources << /Type /Page Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. >> /S /P 497 0 R 124 0 R 498 0 R 124 0 R 499 0 R 125 0 R 500 0 R 125 0 R] endobj endobj Browse; Reporter N.C. App. << /S /P endobj Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. /Pg 25 0 R endobj >> endobj 144 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R endobj /Pg 27 0 R /S /P /S /P >> endobj 84 0 obj << State laws can deal with some forms of cyberbullying, such as documents containing threats,[4] and threats to destroy and damage property. Contact Beckham Solis, Attorneys at Law at (305) 290-1884 for representation from a team in Miami with over 35 years of collective experience. /S /P endobj /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P >> 3 0 obj /S /P /Resources << 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 633 0 R 574 0 R 164 0 R] >> >> << 2020Pub. endobj >> << /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 31 0 R <> /K 17 /Parent 6 0 R 3. << /K 6 Great Britain had its first cyberstalking conviction in 1999 when a Cambridge graduate was prosecuted in 1999 for harassment by e-mail. endobj /P 9 0 R /Pg 28 0 R << 1-1-09; 95-984, eff. >> 85 0 obj /K 5 << /Type /Page xV]sF4/m::%aN4!-W~Ho^XJkH{V[?7tp5v^ymqS_ `.O>LjimLi41?u(j&Yh?Zm\lZ !Gs'#~?#U [28] On January 1, 2009, a California law became effective that allows schools to suspend or expel students who harass other students online. << /Annots [357 0 R] /Pg 25 0 R /Type /Page /P 9 0 R << >> /K [3 468 0 R 38] In addition, opponents call the proposed sentences (up to two years incarceration) excessive. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K [7 364 0 R 22 365 0 R 24] >> /K 3 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. /S /P endobj Retrieved October 14, 2019, from. /Contents 353 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 27 0 R >> /Parent 8 0 R endobj /S /P /P 9 0 R >> >> /Pg 31 0 R << >> In 2008, Florida passed the "Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act" in response to the suicide of 15-year-old Jeffrey Johnston, who had suffered cyberbullying over a long period of time. /Annots [354 0 R] 76 0 obj endobj endobj Tilburg University Cyberstalkers can use chat rooms to slander and endanger their victims. /Pg 31 0 R 152 0 obj 1 0 obj >> /S /P /Parent 6 0 R null 375 0 R null 376 0 R null 377 0 R null 378 0 R null 379 0 R /S /P 203 0 obj >> << 132 0 obj << Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. >> /S /P /TT1 245 0 R /K [490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R] << /K 20 WebFederal law provides some tools to combat cyberstalking. /Company (Tilburg University) >> /S /P /TT2 258 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /K [518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R] /Rotate 0 [5], Commonwealth offences that criminalise the misuse of telecommunication services are also relevant when technology is used to communicate harassment[6] or threats. /P 9 0 R 8 0 obj /Pg 32 0 R endobj 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R /K 6 109 0 R 470 0 R 109 0 R 471 0 R 109 0 R 472 0 R 109 0 R] << What Federal Laws Exist To Protect Stalking Victims? 42 U.S.C. Section 3796 and 42 U.S.C. Section 14031 authorize grants for law enforcement agencies to develop programs to reduce stalking and for states to develop local, state, and national databases regarding stalking. 42 U.S.C. Section 14036 requires judges to ensure they review the stalker's criminal history prior to issuance of a civil court orders in stalking cases. /TT3 258 0 R /Type /Page 101 0 obj /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 56 0 obj /K [21 444 0 R 40 445 0 R 42 446 0 R 44] << An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace <> Verified Attorney /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /TT1 244 0 R /Pg 32 0 R << /Pg 18 0 R endobj /K 3 /Pg 30 0 R >> >> /K 5 /Resources << << (2010). /K 6 /S /P endobj /ColorSpace << 74 0 obj endobj /K [2 564 0 R 30 565 0 R 32] << /Pg 32 0 R << /S /P >> << << 18 0 obj /P 9 0 R An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. 2 [53 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R null 374 0 R /S /P >> /Font << Cyber Crimes against Women in India: Problems, Perspectives and Solutions. B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. /TT1 244 0 R /P 9 0 R /StructParents 1 << >> << /S /P << >> /Length 4275 /Pg 31 0 R L. 106386, div. /P 9 0 R /S /P (Source: P.A. >> Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. Blunt Signs Bill Outlawing Cyberbullying", "Federal judge blocks Washington state cyberstalking law", "How punishing people for 'doxxing' could prove tricky for Washington lawmakers", "Cyberbullying Bill Gets Chilly Reception", "Federal Cyberbullying Law: 'Worth a Try'? /Pg 28 0 R >> Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. /Font << endobj A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. /S /Footnote /Pg 28 0 R endobj /Pg 13 0 R /Contents 356 0 R 32 0 obj 585 0 R 586 0 R 587 0 R 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 369 0 R null 370 0 R null 367 0 R 44 0 R 368 0 R 44 0 R] /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 30 0 R >> /P 9 0 R /TT4 245 0 R Abstract /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Rotate 0 endobj For example, a student in California who was suspended from school based on cyberbullying claims took the school district to court, citing a breach of her First Amendment rights; the court agreed with the student and found the school district had overstepped its authority. << /K 3 >> /Pg 20 0 R 52 425 0 R 53 426 0 R 54 427 0 R 55 428 0 R 56 429 0 R endobj /S /P 175 0 obj endobj 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 25 0 obj WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. endobj /A 434 0 R endobj << One person (or group), the provocateur, is exerting a view or opinion that the other person (or group), the target, finds offensive, hurtful, or damaging in some way. /Pg 31 0 R /S /P >> 16 0 obj /K 7 31] endobj 89 514 0 R 90 516 0 R 91 517 0 R 92 524 0 R 93 525 0 R endobj /Font << << >> << 117 0 obj /Resources << << [21], Finally, it's not uncommon for cyberbullying to be coupled with "traditional", in-person bullying, for example, in the suicide of Phoebe Prince. << /Pg 21 0 R 28 0 obj /Pg 26 0 R /Pg 15 0 R /S /P endobj >> 120 0 obj << Assembly, Senate pass 'Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights' in wake of Tyler Clementi's death", "Stronger Anti-Bullying Bill Approved By Committee", "Grieving family by his side, governor signs legislation", Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws, Despite Laws, Stalkers Roam On the Internet, Cyberstalking garnering more serious response, Man convicted of cyberstalking to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing, "Mom's Campaign for Florida Anti-Bully Law Finally Pays Off - ABC News", "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. << 218 0 obj 136 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /RoleMap 11 0 R >> >> /K 6 >> << endobj >> << 80 0 obj >> endobj >> /Pg 24 0 R endobj << /K [8 415 0 R 28] /Annots [269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R] /K [0 407 0 R 22] /TT2 244 0 R >> Prior to amendment, section related to stalking. /Font << Pub. /P 9 0 R 505 0 R null 506 0 R null 507 0 R null 508 0 R null 509 0 R null /S /P /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /P 9 0 R >> 155 0 obj << endobj /S /P /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] /S /P endobj /P 9 0 R >> /K 5 /K 5 /TT0 243 0 R << /K [2 581 0 R 4] 165 0 obj /Pg 28 0 R 168 0 obj /Rotate 0 /Font << endobj endobj /S /P << << << endobj /K 10 endobj endobj 96 0 obj /P 9 0 R << endobj >> /Rotate 0 /Pg 21 0 R /TT1 245 0 R WebEven though there is no federal law on cyberbullying, there absolutely is one that covers cyberstalking. >> 189 0 obj >> /Pg 14 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 86 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R Cyberstalking is the act of persistent and unwanted contact from someone online. >> /S /P >> /Font << /ColorSpace << >> /S /P /InlineShape /Figure /K [447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R] 4 0 obj /S /P endobj Florida also has an aggravated cyberstalking law. 222 0 obj endobj However, state laws vary in how they handle cyberstalking.Technology can quickly be put to use by stalkers; for endobj /Pg 13 0 R /S /P 116 0 obj /S /P endobj L. 116249 substituted section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be for section 2261(b) of this title in concluding provisions. >> >> Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /K 3 /K 6 /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] >> /S /P 195 0 obj /TT1 245 0 R 114 0 obj Under this statute, cyberstalking includes harassment through the use of electronic communications as well as accessing or attempting to access the online accounts or internet-connected home electronic systems of another person without that persons >> endobj /P 9 0 R /K 578 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 115 0 obj >> /P 9 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /K 5 /TT3 245 0 R endobj /K [5 510 0 R 23 511 0 R 25 512 0 R 27 513 0 R 29 514 0 R /Type /Page In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. << >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj endobj Cyberstalkers often have a sophisticated knowledge of computers and the Internet and can "mask" their intimidating e-mails to victims to disguise their origin. 183 0 obj >> 159 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R Webfocuses on the difficulties of dealing with international crime in general and international (cyber)stalking in specific. [29] In addition, Section 1708.7 of the California Civil Code outlines grounds for an individual suing their cyberstalker and any accomplices for general damages, special damages, and punitive damages for cyberstalking. << endobj /Contents 349 0 R endobj 1 [44 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R null >> >> >> /Count 6 >> /S /Footnote /S /P 53 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R /SourceModified (D:20110216092838) /Pg 23 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 /P 9 0 R /K 6 >> 52 0 obj to make someone else afraid or concerned about their safety [1]. >> 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R Under the Dormant Commerce Clause, a state or local law is unconstitutional when it imposes a burden on interstate commerce that is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits. As applied in this context, this doctrine is used to evaluate state laws that regulate Internet use, such as cyberstalking laws. >> >> << >> 51 0 obj 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R /S /P /Pg 32 0 R /Pg 27 0 R /S /P >> Cyberstalking in conjunction with a credible threat is also considered aggravated stalking.[31]. /Annots [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R] >> /Rotate 0 /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 2018Par. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /S /P <> /P 9 0 R /StructParents 10 /K [7 388 0 R 40] null 380 0 R null 381 0 R null 582 0 R 583 0 R 382 0 R 55 0 R 383 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /S /P 82 0 obj /P 9 0 R >> /Font << << /Parent 8 0 R << /Pg 17 0 R /K 3 /S /P endobj /Pg 17 0 R /Contents 339 0 R 26 0 obj /Pg 32 0 R << >> >> Cyberstalking a child under the age of 16 or a person of any age for which the offender has been ordered by the courts not to contact is considered "aggravated stalking," a third degree felony under Florida law. /P 9 0 R /K 2 /K 1 /StructParents 6 null 360 0 R null 361 0 R null 362 0 R null 363 0 R null 359 0 R /Diagram /Figure /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) /P 9 0 R /Author (Svdraa) << /K [419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R] [7], The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) protects individuals from harassment, including harassment that occurs via electronic communications. /Parent 7 0 R 16 [153 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R null 556 0 R /S /P %PDF-1.5 >> 206 0 obj << endobj /StructParents 12 endobj /K 12 In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.[1]. endobj 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] /Pg 30 0 R endobj 45 0 obj >> << endobj 11 0 obj /S /P >> >> /P 9 0 R [36] However, the constitutionality of this law has been challenged in courts, with Judge Ronald B. Leighton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled in February 2019 that the law as written could include "a large range of non-obscene, non-threatening speech" and that "As a result even public criticisms of public figures and public officials could be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment". /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /K 1 99 0 obj /K 7 /P 9 0 R /S /P 213 0 obj /StructParents 11 endobj /Rotate 0 /ColorSpace << [50] Stalking has been defined as a man or woman who follows or contacts a man or woman, despite clear indication of disinterest to such contact by the man or woman, or monitoring of use of internet or electronic communication of a man or a woman. >> endobj /Pg 31 0 R /StructParents 8 L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(B), inserted ,a pet, a service animal, an emotional support animal, or a horse after to a person and substituted (iii), or (iv) for or (iii). Iw6'*Tk5?;IOh"q5e>KFqhe5JN:{:24t5Y5F2$yQ tkn << /Pg 13 0 R Pittaro M. L. (2007). 13 [132 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R null 518 0 R /K 6 /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << <> UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. /P 9 0 R [23] It also lists those states that do not have laws yet and related laws from other countries. Cybercrime is a growing concern to countries at all levels of developments and affects both, buyers and sellers. >> 21 0 obj 17 [161 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R null 571 0 R null 572 0 R null 573 0 R null endobj /K 8 null 557 0 R null 558 0 R null 559 0 R null 560 0 R null 561 0 R << 198 0 obj /Type /Pages /Contents 316 0 R /Annotation /Span /Parent 8 0 R Finally, the Convention on Cybercrime will be analysed to see /ColorSpace << << >> /TT0 243 0 R >> In the United Kingdom, cyberharassment can be prosecuted under the Protection from Harassment Act of 1997 or the Malicious Communications Act of 1988. /K 16 /Title (International \(cyber$stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution) >> null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R >> Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. /Footnote /Note Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law to block its enforcement pending appeal. << /Kids [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] >> (iv). 875 (c), it is a federal crime, punishable by up to five years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000, to << null 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 630 0 R 562 0 R 155 0 R 563 0 R 155 0 R 564 0 R /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] >> endobj /TT1 244 0 R /S /P /TT0 243 0 R /P 9 0 R Par. endobj /Pg 30 0 R /Pg 31 0 R 163 0 obj << WebDavid's Law is a state law in Texas, that labels cyberstalking a misdemeanor crime, but it also lays out several other rights victims or parents of victims have in ensuring justice. << /Keywords () >> /K 3 [42] One of the oft-cited arguments against the bill comes from talk radio, with the concern expressed being that the law would be used to silence political opponents who use the airwaves to espouse divergent viewpoints. /TT0 243 0 R [37] In 2021, the senate introduced two bills at the aim of addressing cyberharassment, the first of which, Senate Bill (SB) 5881, which was mainly aimed at preventing doxing, led to the same free speech concerns as the existing cyberstalking laws. << The DRB was open about the absence of precedent for the specific federal crime of cyberstalking and searched nationally for a comparable case, said Roger Plawker of Pashman Stein Walder Hayden. << /Kids [219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R] /Pg 18 0 R >> /Rotate 0 >> endobj << /Subtype /XML 98 0 obj /P 9 0 R /S /P 57 430 0 R 58 444 0 R 59 445 0 R 60 446 0 R 61 452 0 R WebWhat must exist for cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory? /K 4 The U.S. Federal Government has passed a number of important pieces of legislation that can be used to prosecute cyberstalkers, although as this chapter indicates, none are comprehensive, and all contain loopholes. /K 9 /Pg 30 0 R /S /P /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /S /Footnote >> endobj Cybercrimes are a relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve. /Pg 13 0 R 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R 181 0 obj << endobj /Type /Page endobj 27 0 obj /P 9 0 R 64 0 obj 166 0 obj 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] endobj /S /P /S /P [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. /P 9 0 R >> Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with endobj /P 9 0 R State v. Robert Bishop, 787 S.E.2d 814 (N.C. 2016). >> 15 [144 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R null /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 200 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R /ColorSpace << endobj /StructParents 0 The evolving cybercrime landscape and resulting skills gaps are a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies and prosecutors, especially for cross-border enforcement. ;.d.CLX2Xs?hwn;.q`oG{cO`&>x!] _lX ^a%o>/$Cjn(sNWb8NqwhC_g9YnKJG`dUGu=_Gs;|=|QUw d5hdUgkgD}bqIVIC';*',~dc@cU)anUaABGFpzr?Em-Mz~n.MO`O\{|{otxWUb\LWk9Y P-3cV~'t&, International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution. 135 0 R 527 0 R 136 0 R] /P 9 0 R /Resources << /Contents 355 0 R /S /P << << endobj Cyberstalking can include many things including threats, solicitation for sex, false accusations, defamation, slander, libel, identity theft, and vandalism . >> /S /P /ColorSpace << /Resources << >> /Pg 19 0 R 118 0 obj << << >> /Annots [292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R] International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution << /Pg 17 0 R 7 0 obj /Rotate 0 A lock ( >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource listing current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. >> /Pg 19 0 R << /K [10 485 0 R 34 486 0 R 36] /P 9 0 R /K [0 464 0 R 30] /P 9 0 R << Opponents of the bill argue that since the target of such legislation is nominally teenagers, this would put an undue burden on the prison systemsince there are no long-term facilities for teenage offenders at the federal level. /P 9 0 R /TT1 285 0 R /K 18 null 456 0 R null 457 0 R null 458 0 R null 459 0 R null 460 0 R /Pg 14 0 R /K 2 /S /P endobj The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. >> << >> /K [8 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] /K [22 452 0 R 46] << /Resources << /S /P >> << 173 0 obj Cyberstalking Laws When it comes to laws against cyberstalking, this type of harassment falls under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 at the national level. endobj /Annots [281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R] /Underline /Span << /K 4 In a general sense, it would seem simple to legislate this type of behavior; slander and libel laws exist to tackle these situations. /P 9 0 R 84 625 0 R 85 510 0 R 86 511 0 R 87 512 0 R 88 513 0 R Svdraa 12 0 obj >> Earlier this month, we sent an email containing a hypothetical scenario of cyberstalking, based on a number of real cases we have seen, to all the police forces in the UK, the Crown Prosecution Service and (as suggested by two police forces) the Association for Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ). /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj Download PDF. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << 139 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 54 0 obj /K [3 527 0 R 32] >> /P 9 0 R >> Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. /Type /StructTreeRoot /Type /Page /Pg 30 0 R The jury eventually found Drew innocent of the charges (but guilty of a misdemeanor), a verdict that was later set aside by the judge. << travels in interstate or foreign commerce or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or, with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a, Pub. /P 9 0 R >> >> /Pg 16 0 R >> << This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. >> Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). /K 1 /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R [ /ICCBased 241 0 R 3 13 0 R ] 76 0 obj endobj! 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