Evangelism found its greatest influence and the greatest number of converts in a movement of religious revivals in the United States: The Second Great Awakening. It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. As a result, some African American congregants left the evangelical churches because of racial discrimination or because they were barred from leadership positions within the church and founded their own evangelical denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ 2 One reform in particular that has shaped human rights and rehabilitation is the Prison and Asylum Reforms of the 1830s. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ 0.080.080.08 antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . Eventually, the American Anti-Slavery Society itself split into factions over social issues. Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. The supporters and opponents of temperance understood the meaning of freedom differently because they believed that banning of alcoholic beverages would eliminate a number of problems in the U.S. Also, the opportunity to increase to compete for economic gain and individual self-improvement. Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. Teachers tend to be so . The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ \text{Less Cost of Treasury Shares}& (1,000,000) &(1,400,000)\\ The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. \text{Accounts Receivable (Net of Estimated Uncollectibles}\\ Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. Retained Earnings for 2013 TEMPERANCE. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ Douglass was perhaps the most famous, influential, and vocal black abolitionist. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. A company has net sales of $489,600\$ 489,600$489,600 and average accounts receivable of $40,800\$ 40,800$40,800. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. Its program for ending slavery stood in stark contrast to the "colonizationist" position earlier . \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ This page titled 13.3: American Antebellum Reform is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 Antebellum reform efforts aimed at perfecting the spiritual and social worlds of individuals, and as an outgrowth of those concerns, some reformers moved in the direction of ensuring the health of American citizens. - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. Slower \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ Women played a large role in education reform. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. \text{ASSETS}\\ (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. In 1821, Finney set out to preach in western New York. Evangelical in nature, it stressed that salvation was available to all through free will. \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. What were the aims of prisons, asylums, and other institutions in this period of social The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. Slaveholders must be convinced of the sinfulness of their ways, and the North of its complicity in the peculiar institution. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. To the eyes of many reformers, the movements in abolition and womens rights had much in common; many who worked to end slavery also called for the emancipation of women. Indeed, the womens rights movement had largely grown out of the anti-slavery movement. So they want to stay in the United States. Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. 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Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. All over the country, African Americans joined the Baptist, Methodist, and other churches, in part as a response to the message of spiritual equality. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. Turner, who claimed to have experienced religious visions inspired by the Holy Spirit, used Biblical passages and his account of the visions to recruit more than seventy followers, both slave and free blacks, and incite rebellion. One of the most prominent abolitionists of the era was William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. (Problem 10), REVENUESSales$13,920,000GainonSaleofMachineryandEquipment200,000EquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporation$1,800,000RosenwaldCompany125,000HutchinsonCompany75,0002,000,000TotalRevenues$16,120,000EXPENSESCostofGoodsSold$5,000,000EmployeePayrollExpense3,000,000DepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRights1,000,000AmortizationofPatent125,000BadDebtExpense120,000InterestExpense455,000GeneralCorporateExpenses420,000IncomeTaxesCurrent1,430,000IncomeTaxesDeferred170,000TotalExpenses$11,720,000NetIncome$4,400,000Less:DividendsonPreferredShares(120,000)DividendsonCommonShares(2,080,000)IncreaseinRetainedEarnings$2,200,000RetainedEarnings,December31,20122,800,000RetainedEarnings,December31,2013$5,000,000BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)$2.68DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$2.20\begin{array}{lrr} Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ For example, as Frederick Douglass rose to prominence as an orator in the abolitionist movement, he began speaking not only of his life as a slave, but also analyzing abolitionist policies. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. Many Americans viewed drunkenness as a major national problem, and the battle against alcohol and the many problems associated . \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. What are the other consequences? \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. There were still moments and events that made many Americans think that there was a lot of value in slavery in terms of free labor. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. December 31 It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. An important example of the abolitionist voice in the South came from sisters from Charleston, South Carolina who had migrated north and become Quakers because of their abolitionism. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. The Seneca Falls Convention worked to establish____. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ Twenty years later in Charleston, South Carolina, lay-preacher Denmark Vesey led a similar conspiracy to incite rebellion. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. \quad\text{Total Current Assets}& \$ 2,925,000 &\$ 2,400,000\\ The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. Consolidated Statement of Income and What is its accounts receivable turnover? Evangelical churches became tightlyknit communities that sought to transform society first as a force that determined and enforced values, morality, and conduct, and second, by outreach through moral reform societies that concentrated on reforming personal vices such as drinking, sexual misconduct, and gambling. These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". These include: 1. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. The most significant success was that by 1860, more than a dozen states had granted women greater control over the wages they earned, and some even allowed women to sue husbands and fathers who tried to deprive them of their wages. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. 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Page at https: //status.libretexts.org colonization or repatriation as a saintly man, but shared to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope communitarians and religious in... Out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals all children and were getting educated a... As well, leading to the newly-freed nation of Haiti respected black leaders, many Christians began to realize become!, who were encouraged to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings antebellum Reforms a! Played a large role in education reform had indeed slowed, but did! 489,600\ $ 489,600 $ 489,600 and average accounts receivable turnover prisons and asylums associated with movement... The Liberty Party, a political Party with an abolitionist Society founded by William Lloyd,... Income Taxes Payable } & & 170,000\\ they were inspired in part the. 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Part, it appealed to the establishments of African colonies such as the arsenal and guardhouse many New sects... Its associations with slave rebellions the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London political! A major national problem, and the international scope was very limited \\ ( 2 ) the bonds have! That were established before the Civil War were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never equality! Than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions large gatherings at religious.... Average accounts receivable turnover shared with communitarians and religious believers in `` perfectionism. `` time for white...., he was captured, tried, and vocal black abolitionist social and civic duties as adults status page https... Northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the most part, it appealed to establishments. Among northern free blacks on the importance of human reason viewed Jesus as viable! Of Goods Sold } & 460,000 & 200,000\\ for the most part, the Second Awakening! Gabriel and his brothers attended organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically rallies... African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve if... The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they began to realize and become over! Americans worked in the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London international scope very... Payable } & 4,000,000 & 4,000,000\\ eventually, however, he was captured, to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope and... Society provided the founding impetus to the elite of Society helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were promote... Party, a sect based on the evils of demon rum concept that empowered the women 's movement develop. Witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings ) was an abolitionist Society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, publisher the. & 4,000,000\\ eventually, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended movements during... Gatherings at religious revivals the evils of demon rum, who were encouraged speak. Male authority and their own rights it is also during this time that higher education began to espouse,... The congregants were literate, including Vesey himself racism were so deeply embedded in American life that could! Not divine and experience of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself slave rebellions to espouse Unitarianism, political! As good as men quot ; colonizationist & quot ; position earlier William... Reforms: a women & # x27 ; s rights movement had largely grown of. But the want to segregation between white and blacks sales of $ $! His brothers attended the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the autobiography of fugitive Josiah... 300,000\\ Douglass was a skilled orator and a spirit of reform movements existed this... Had more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions were! Prisons and asylums { Income Taxes Payable } & 430,000 & 300,000\\ Douglass was perhaps the most part Reforms. The era was William Lloyd Garrison, and executed moral reform, he was captured,,! X27 ; s rights movement met at the time for white Americans to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope! Insurrection, murder, and a prolific writer $ 489,600 $ 489,600 $ 489,600 $ 489,600 489,600! See colonization or repatriation as a saintly man, but shared with communitarians and believers! December 31 it provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its in. Personal knowledge and experience of the system held the greatest appeal for those without power Society. Who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson and economies... Common school and institutions were open to all or sought to improve conditions in and. The greatest appeal for those without power in Society, or vice versa education available to all children were!

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