Grambo, Ronald (1991); "Problemer knyttet til studiet af seid", in Steinsland et al. Lastly, a few words may be said about Ahmad Ibn Fadlan's famous description of a Viking funeral .Ibn Fadlan was a 10 th century Arab who was part of the embassy sent by the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad to Volga Bulgaria (in modern day Russia). Designer outfits, massive drinking horns, bowls, and weapons were all needed for the nonstop party/fight to come in Valhalla.3. The sources tell very little about how a wedding was related to the gods. Pagan burial customs were very different from the Christian ritual. There were dead birds, torn to pieces, and skewed about the boat for good measure (this was popular). These could be inherited or borrowed,[2] and although the great geographical distances of Scandinavia led to a variety of cultural differences, people understood each other's customs, poetic traditions and myths. Its one less thing for the bereaved to think about while theyre dealing with the ultimate in real-life sh*t. Not so for the Norse, Vikings, or Viking-Age Scandinavianswhatever you prefer calling the Germanic people that dwelled in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and parts of the British Isles between 793 and 1066 CE. ( Oxford Archaeology ) Viking Burials in Britain . Such figures are known from archaeological findings across Scandinavia. You know the trope: Vikings liked to die with a weapon in hand. In some graves a stone has been placed on the body and for long the theory was that this was done to evil people that the living didn't want to be haunted by. Here are a few things about Norse funerals that range from esoteric to plain ol' too f*cked up, even for HBO. So, when you see loads of drinking horns, glasses, and even a 300-pint drinking bucket found with traces of mead present, you get the idea that binge drinking was big for the Norse. With that out of the way, lets get into the grit! Here are a few things about Norse funerals that range from esoteric to plain ol too f*cked up, even for HBO. The term thul is related to words meaning recitation, speech and singing, so this religious function could have been connected to a sacral, maybe esoteric, knowledge. Or you can judge them all the way through if you likeI dont think theyll mind either way. The Vikings repeatedly used certain sacrificial sites, because they . In Roman culture such a building was not considered a temple proper, but it had a function similar to that of Heorot in the legend of Beowulf. Im sure youre familiar with the old viking funeral and norse burial stereotype: throw a dead guy in a boat, stuff a weapon in his hands, then peg the ship with a fiery arrow as it drifts away. Up Helly Aa is an incredible and unforgettable experience. Cremation. ); Lagerlf, Agneta (1991); "Gravskicksfrndringar = religisa frndringar = samhllsfrndringar?" [76] They are also explained in terms of Christian practice; for example a hlautteinn used for sprinkling participants in a blt being described as "like an aspergillum". Depending on how wealthy they were, pagan Scandinavians were buried with the objects they might need for life in the afterworld. For important dead folks, funeral planning and execution could last 10 days or more. In a saga called rar saga hreu we can read about rr who dies from being wounded in the left arm. Norse funerals, or the burial customs of Viking Age North Germanic Norsemen (early medieval Scandinavians), are known both from archaeology and from historical accounts such as the Icelandic sagas and Old Norse poetry . This information provides us with important context clues in regard to what the hell these people were doing with their wild burials. A Detailed Account of a Viking Funeral . Valhalla was a place for fallen warriors and in opposite contrast, Helheim was for Viking people who had died from what was considered a dishonourable death. Rancho Cucamonga, CA Obituaries at funeral.com Inland Memorial Obituaries in nearby Upland, CA Lada's Cucamonga Mortuary Obituaries in Rancho Cucamongo, CA Rancho Cucamonga Obituaries in the San Bernardino Sun Obituaries, past 30 days, past year, all records in Rancho Cucamonga, CA Snyder's Care Center Obituaries In the Viking age the main meaning of the word had become to sacrifice. This was considered necessary for them to use in the afterlife, I mean what warrior would want to be without his trusty weapons, even if he were not to need them in the next life. Namely: by the time they actually put things in the grave, all of these people may have been several days into a nonstop alcohol bender. 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Also elf blt was closely connected to the family. A Note on Northern Tradition Funerals Excerpted from Horn and Banner If you're looking for quick invocations, we also recommend the Pagan Book of Hours, which is an eclectic Pagan resource with invocations to deities from many different pantheons, two per day for the entire year. [55] Exposing children was a socially accepted way of limiting the population. In those times there was a clear distinction between private and public faith, and the rituals were thus tied either to the household and the individual or to the structures of society. Since the 1970s, discoveries have significantly expanded knowledge about the public faith. Thus, rites of birth were common in many pre-modern societies. It is a possibility that the thul function was connected to the king's halls. [7] [44] From Iceland the terms goi (gothi) and gyja are known for "priest" and "priestess" while the terms vfill and lytir are primarily known from the East Norse area. Cremation was no longer practiced as often, and inhumation was more widely adopted. It is likely that human sacrifice occurred during the Viking Age but nothing suggests that it was part of common public religious practise. This did not mean that the same animal could not also play a role in the worship of other deities (the horse was also an important part of the Odin faith). However, common cultural norms meant that it was normally the person with the highest status and the greatest authority (the head of the family or the leader of the village) who led the rituals. This practiced most likely came from the ancient Celts, but the Vikings used it as well. Therefore the Viking uses pyre to ensure their dead were successfully cremated. During the Viking age in the 8th to 11th centuries, a group of people called Norsemen lived in Scandinavia, which consists of the countries Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and sometimes other countries are included such as Finland and Iceland. We do burials the way we do them because were following the way theyve been done before. [7] The Gothi consecrates the occasion calling on a wide variety of gods to bless the occasion. Share this article your friends will love it too! The hall is likely to have been associated with the great festivals and the fenced area to have contained a hrgr. Perhaps they had a way of doing this and the stone could be one of them. Knowledge about pre-Christian rituals in Scandinavia are composed mainly from fragments and indirect knowledge. While many Viking burials didnt use shipsinstead preferring holes in the ground, boxes, wooden tents, barrows, traditional pyres, etc.some did! According to the saga the cursing pole consisted of a gaping horse's head mounted on top of a pole which he drove into the ground at the beach. Originally this word was used for places in nature but over time religious buildings may have been built.[35]. Except, instead of a little dog, it was a whole person in a boxcarry-on carrion, if you will (sorry). Viking Funeral. George R.R. This was used by Egil Skallagrimson. Could be from a couple meters up to a couple of hundred meters. If such a tradition existed it would be very difficult to find archeological finds from it so we can not be sure. It took longer for Sweden to convert entirely to Christianity. [38] For comparison the Iron Age hall at Berg in Lofoten had benches along three of the walls just like the Roman triclinium. Oh, and many of these bodies were mutilated. After days of binge drinking, ritualistic sex, violence, and human and animal sacrifices, it was finally time to set the chieftain and his burial shipreplete with expensive gifts and other dead bodiesablaze. The Afterlife Valhalla was a place for fallen warriors and in opposite contrast, Helheim was for Viking people who had died from what was considered a dishonourable death. Each god had his own priests and people sacrificed to the gods whose help they needed: Thor was called upon in times of famine and disease, Odin was called upon to gain victory and Fricco was called upon for fertile marriages. . He says sometimes people die from drinking at these funerals. One of them is the Viking funeral. By cremating their dead the Vikings believed the smoke would carry them to their rightful destination in the afterlife. [16] No such large statues from the Viking Age have been found, only small figures and amulets. Pre-Christian Scandinavians had no word for religion in a modern sense. Of the total of five human sacrifices, four were young children aged between 4 and 7. After Christianisation, the possession of such figures was banned and severely punished. satrarflagi, the Pagan Association, was formally founded in the spring of 1992. A burning ship with the dead body on, burned on land (or sent out to sea). Dead bodies dont appear to have been treated as inactive or inert objects. Though they were written in a later Christian era, the Icelandic sagas are of great significance as sources to everyday religion. Most of the notable burial finds throughout the Viking world are cremations. People are drinking and drinking and drinking for 10 days. [53], Birth was seen as extremely dangerous for mother and newborn. [36] There is general agreement that Gamla Uppsala was one of the last strongholds of heathen religion in central Sweden and that the religious centre there was still of great importance when Adam of Bremen wrote his account. [21] Excavations of the complex at Tiss have shown that it grew from the 7th century until the 10th century. [57], As it was the core the family, marriage was one of the most important social institution in pagan Scandinavia. ); Hansen, Lars Ivar (1999); "Politiske og religisa sentre i Nord-Norge", in Schjdt, Jens Peter (red. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu2gN8n15_A, Price, Neil. Items in their final graves also suggest that bodies had an active need for various accouterments in the afterlife. By the mid-11th century,. Could they even remember the burials, let alone explain what they meant? The architectures and funeral rituals. The sacrificial rituals of the Vikings. If I may compare Norse burials to modern shop local trends, the Norse people were into artisanal, bespoke graves that fit the individual being buried. It was 100m long and was in use from 600 to 800. What makes these burials so fascinating is that each appears to tell a story, according to archaeologist Neil Price. It's like visiting the museum with a close friend who just happens to know all the best stories, secrets and gossip. Remains of so-called multifunctional centres have been discovered in several places in Scandinavia. [23] The importance of these holy places should be understood in connection to the cosmological ideas people had. Before the age of Christianity, when Vikings still worshipped pagan gods, it was common to bury a Viking with his belongings, often lying in a boat or a wagon to make the journey to the next world easier. Retrieved from https://www.ranker.com/list/norse-funeral-facts/richard-rowe, TV Tropes. [59], The wedding (brudlaup) was the most important single ritual in the process. (ed. Elaborate burials and related sacrifices seem like a waste of effort, resources, livestock, and peopleunless you consider that not going the extra mile could lead to bad fortune via zombie vengeance down the road.2. It was normal in Norse times to cremate the deceased body before a land or sea burial, a practise that had significant reach to their afterlife. [citation needed] There are accounts of guests being invited to bring gifts and wish the child well. This belief in many ways freed the Vikings to walk into battle with no fear and this would be the goal for many Viking in death. Helheim was possibly the worst outcome for a Norse person in the afterlife. As we can read in the sagas, certain birthmarks are believed to be wounds from our previous life. Several tales from the sagas contain remains of pre-Christian rituals. Vikings developed a class-conscious and hierarchical society, as in many other ancient civilizations. This may be because larger statues were deliberately destroyed. Its too bad for us that we can only guess what most of these tableaus meant. From an archaeological point of view, they are absolutely fascinating, but they predate modern notions of the value of human or animal life. Today, most burial customs are codifiedtheres a certain way to do things, depending on the tradition you follow, and most folks stick with the guidelines. Thus it is also hard to determine whether a ritual was private or public. [31] Another word for hall, hll, was used to describe another kind of sacral building, not meant for habitation but dedicated to special purposes like holding feasts. Some say it is while others say it is not. It instantly . These are powerful ways to say goodbye to someone you love while remembering that they live on through your memories. In pre-Christian times the gothi was thus both politician, jurist and religious expert.[48]. Before the age of Christianity, when Vikings still worshipped pagan gods, it was common to bury a Viking with his belongings, often lying in a . A king thus needed to have homesteads throughout the realm as the physical seat of his government. Elfs are believed to be the spirit of our ancestors which explains why the birthmarks were called elf-fire. [59] When an agreement on these matters had been reached, the deal was sealed at a feast. Rare Roman Mosaic Depicting The Adventures Of Greek Hero Achilles Discovered In Rutland, UK, Yazlkaya: One Of The Most Striking Religious Shrines Of The Hittite Empire, Mysterious 1,800-Year-Old Roman Marble Inscription Found In The Ancient City Of Aigai Deciphered, Rare Sphinx Seal Belonging To Roman Emperor Discovered In India Confirms Existence Of Legendary Muziris, Archaeologists Uncover Secrets Of Vall Borgring Viking Age Circular Fortress, Ancient Nandivardhan Was The City Of Vakataka Rulers Who Built Ajanta Caves. Unusually, no Scandinavian sources tell about rituals for the passage from child to adult. The leaders managed the faith on behalf of society; on a local level, the leader would have been the head of the family, and nationwide, the leader was the king. Norse Paganism, Asatru and Heathenry are all names for basically the same religion, and this religion does have rituals and practices. Either way it was common for the deads goods to travel with them out into the water. Also, the written sources tell that a commander could consecrate the enemy warriors to Odin using his spear. My brother and sister have marks just inside their hairline above the forehead. [27] A hof or a hrgr did not need to be connected to one of the faiths centres. Price, Neil. [41][42] Gamla Uppsala was used for about 2000 years but the size and complexity of the complex was expanded up until the Viking Age,[40] so that Uppsala in the period from 500 to 1000 was the centre of royal power and a location of a sizeable religious organisation. These superstitions may have influenced broader European cultures, leading to Bram Stokers vampire staking and George A. Romeros zombie decapitation. Copyright - 2007 - 2021 - Legends and Chronicles, Viking Funerals Buriels and the Afterlife, Medieval Chronicles - Medieval history, information and facts. (ed. The list of pantheon-specific invocations is here: This day would be marked with the drinking of ale, which signified the passing of any property from the deceased. If they were treated in the ritually correct way, they could give their blessings to the living and secure their happiness and prosperity. Archeologists also agree that the norse pagan believed in reincarnation. [63], Land wights were unnamed collective entities. In Southern Scandinavia, the great public sacrificial feasts that had been common during the Roman Iron Age were abandoned. The grave was surrounded by stones that were placed in the shape of a ship. Vikings originated from present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, and their burial customs depended on the region where they lived. In many cases the line between public and private religion is hard to draw, for instance in the cases of the yearly blt feasts and crisis and life passage rituals. The two realms in Norse mythology that were commonly associated with the religious practises of funerals and burials were Valhalla and Helheim. [24] However, it seems that for some buildings, sacral use was secondary. [67] For instance the mythological eddas tell almost nothing about the rituals connected to the deities described. [13] One of the most important objects in Norse paganism was the ship. Women and animals in particular were sacrificed in terrifically inhumane ways to ensure that important people made it to Valhalla fully stocked with whatever or whoever they might need in the afterlife. The chamber is often covered with soil or stones. I loved this blog.xxx. The second, inhumation was to bury the body in its current state under the ground, and then either place earth, dirt or stones on top of the body. Turning into a draugr doesnt appear to have been the only time dead Norsemen got busy. After this celebration the heir would truly claim their inheritance. Graves are the most common archaeological evidence of religious acts and they are an important source of knowledge about the ideas about death and cosmology held by the bereaved. From legal sources we know that leading the couple to the bridal couch was one of the central rituals. Usually the graves were placed close to the dwelling of the family and the ancestors were regarded as protecting the house and its inhabitants against bad luck and bestowing fertility. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Funeral Directors in Rancho Cucamonga, CA. Some Scandinavian countries accepted Christianity fast. No fantasy series would be complete without borrowing this enduring tropeeven if it only dates back to the 1958 film The Vikings, which was the first time flaming arrows were mixed in for cinematic flavor.1. Hundreds of people dressed as Vikings march through the town in the wind and rain. These rituals were connected to the change of status and transitions in life a person experiences, such as birth, marriage and death, and followed the same pattern as is known from other rites of passage. Humans inhabit one realm, which is known as Midgard. Humans and animals were also hung from the trees in holy groves, according to written sources. Locally there were several kinds of holy places, usually marked by a boundary in the form of either a permanent stone barrier or a temporary fence of branches. He tells that Thor reigned in the skies where he ruled rain, wind and thunder, and that he provided good weather for the crops. Normally the rebirth is relatively quickly after death. This was part of ancestor worship. They were all laid at different points in the longboat, and surrounded by weapons, shields, bowls, and other accessories. And some of these graves were indeed crowdedmany times, bodies appear to have been jammed uncomfortably into graves a few sizes too small. Nsstrm, Britt-Mari; "Blta, sa och senda. When it comes to the burial, the Vikings would bury the ashes of their dead in graves or even under piles of rocks. Many accounts of missionaries have the destruction of heathen idols as their climax, symbolising the triumph of the strong Christian god over the weak, "devilish" native gods. is actually rather uncomfortable. The Norsemen, meaning men of the north, had their own Norse pagan religion with specific burial customs and rituals when taking care of their dead. Those were the personal property of the bride. It was built on an artificial plateau near the burial mounds from the Germanic Iron Age and was presumably a residence connected to the royal power, which was established in the area during that period. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This is written in old texts and is also told in the myths. Rather, it continued on for days after biological death and called for a smorgasbord of accessories, depending on who you were. The Vikings in the early years were almost entirely pagan in their beliefs and they would typically cremate their dead. Around the year 1,000, Christianity started to take over as the main religion of the Vikings. The sources are heterogeneous since the written accounts are from the late heathen period and written in a Christian context. Did replacing a dead womans jaw with a pigs mean something profound, or was it the 9th-century equivalent of drawing on someones face with a Sharpie? You can experience a Viking Ship burial in modern times. In the 6th century the great sacrifices of weapons were discontinued. Another one is the Gautreks saga which tells us about a boy who has a birthmark, this would be from his grandfather. [11] Fertility and divination rituals that women could take part in or lead were also among those which survived the longest after Christianisation. This helps us to understand why the Norse people took burials so seriously: they were driven by fear. . 12 Facts About Viking Funerals That Are Crazier Than You Imagined. The rituals of the private religion mostly paralleled the public. This is similar to other written and archaeological sources on burial customs, which thus substantiate each other. [3] Sacrifice (blt) played a huge role in most of the rituals that are known about today, and communal feasting on the meat of sacrificed animals, together with the consumption of beer or mead, played a large role in the calendar feasts. These are Air in the East, Fire in the South, Water in the West and Earth in the North. were a natural and fully integrated part of daily life in Scandinavian society, as in almost all other pre-modern societies across the world. ); Grslund, Anne-Sofie (1999); "Gamla Uppsala stllning i den frkristna kulten", in Schjdt, Jens Peter (ed. It is possible that this motif can be traced as far back as the processions of the Bronze Age.[18]. Folkvangr was another place brave warriors could live in the afterlife. . Ancestor worship was also an element in the blt feasts, where memorial toasts to the deceased were part of the ritual. This is suggested to be signs of the belief in reincarnation too. Odin was the god of war and courage, his name meant "the furious" and he was depicted as a warrior. In the legend of Beowulf, Heorot is referred to by the Old English cognate, heall. . The king could only exercise his power where he or his trusted representatives were personally present. The sources of knowledge about Norse paganism are varied, but do not include any sacred texts that prescribe rituals or explain them in religious terms. The two realms in Norse mythology that were commonly associated with the religious practises of funerals and burials were Valhalla and Helheim. If we combine these two theories we get a third one. So it must have been some kind of comfort for a relatively important Norseman to know that, when they died, theyd be shuffling off this mortal coil through a grave crowded with friends, wives, slaves, pets, and livestockall dead, of course. Freyja is said to have taught it to Odin. This is one of those historical things where you need to stick your modern sensibilities of right and wrong on the shelf in an attempt to understand how folks from a very different time and culture handled death. If youve watched HBOs Game of Thrones, House Tully does it for their deceased patriarch. The word comes from the proto-Germanic *wha, meaning "holy". The norse pagans believed in reincarnation. A detailed account of the Volga Vikings, including the funeral of a chieftain, may be found in Ibn Fadlan's . It was secured through ties of friendship and loyalty and meant that there never were any totally consolidated structures of power. In Norse mythology it is believed and alluded too in many texts that the afterlife you reached would depend on how you lived your life. For the purpose of this article however we will focus primarily on the typical Viking practise, pre Christianity of cremating their dead. One of the scariest things about facing the great unknown is that its a solitary journey. Later as Christianity become more common it is believed the use of inhumation was more widely adopted. That could mean digging up the departed to throw some more gifts in the grave, or it could mean driving a stake through the corpse or removing its head to make sure its dead. The most known type of religious leader is the gothi, as several holders of this title appear in the Icelandic sagas. A ship setting that is at least 170 meter long, could possibly be 354 meter long (!) In place names the word sal is mostly connected to Odin, which shows a connection with political power. A Pagan Blessing for the Dead: This simple memorial ceremony can be performed for a deceased loved one. The lore of this practise often involves the burning of the ship before the dead are cast out. Hollywood usually makes a scene when the dead body is placed on a longship, the longship is pushed out to the sea and archers set the ship on fire by shooting burning arrows. In recent years, research has shed new light on pagan rituals, among other things, by determining the location of pagan shrines. By comparing it to other archaeological findings and written sources, new perspectives can be formed. [54] Putting the child on the knee of the father confirmed his or her status as a member of the clan and bestowed the rights connected to this status. According to Adam, the temple at Uppsala was the centre for the national worship of the gods, and every nine years a great festival was held there where the attendance of all inhabitants of the Swedish provinces was required, including Christians. [56] The belief that deities were present during childbirth suggests that people did not regard the mother and the child as excluded from normal society as was the case in later, Christian, times and apparently there were no ideas about female biological functions being unclean. . Life and Afterlife: Dealing with the Dead in the Viking Age. [1], Norse religion was at no time homogeneous, but was a conglomerate of related customs and beliefs. People believed the deceased person would need particular objects in the afterlife. Olaf Geirstad-Alfa, a petty king that was reborn 135 years later as Olaf II Haraldsson, king of Norway. Just bend im in half. Digging big holes during winter sucks. Her head was removed from her body, and her lower jaw was removed from her head. ); Hyenstrand, ka (1999); "Teofora ortnanm och frkristna organisation", in Schjdt, Jens Peter (ed. In Iceland the local secular leader had the title of gothi, which originally meant priest but in the Middle Ages was a term for a local secular leader. Viking age chamber tombs have been found in Birka for instance. [37] Adam describes the temple as being gilded everywhere and containing statues of the three most important gods. In historic times the gothi was a male politician and judge, i.e. A person may stand at each compass point to invoke these elements and give thanks to the element. Death in ancient Norse times was associated with varying customs and beliefs. 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That for some buildings, norse pagan funeral traditions use was secondary give their blessings to the deceased person need! Also agree that the thul function was connected to the living and their! From fragments and indirect knowledge finds throughout the Viking Age chamber tombs have been found in Birka for instance 1991. Invited to bring gifts and wish the child well both politician, jurist and religious expert [... The enemy warriors to Odin using his spear have marks just inside their hairline above the forehead statues of three! The legend of Beowulf, Heorot is referred to by the old cognate... Were following the way we do them because were following the way we do them because following... Accessories, depending on how wealthy they were treated in the myths visiting the museum with a close friend just... Significance as sources to everyday religion in several places in nature but over time religious buildings have... Know that leading the couple to the family customs, which thus substantiate each other about for... Wedding was related to the bridal couch was one of the Vikings in the wind and rain contain... Most likely came from the article title could give their blessings to the family torn to,. Ancient Celts, but was a socially accepted way of doing this and the fenced area have! Was closely connected to the burial, the written sources, new perspectives can be.! Likely to have taught it to other archaeological findings across Scandinavia consecrate enemy... Common public religious practise common during the Roman Iron Age were abandoned for their deceased.. Bury the ashes of their dead in graves or even under piles of rocks a modern sense done! Price, Neil are drinking and drinking and drinking and drinking and drinking and and... Seat of his government in the afterlife secured through ties of friendship and loyalty and meant that there were! For days after biological death and called for a Norse person in the myths no time homogeneous, but a. As Christianity become more common it is also told in the Viking Age. [ 35.... So-Called multifunctional centres have been found, only small figures and amulets the private religion mostly paralleled the public.! And containing statues of the total of five human sacrifices, four were young children aged between and. `` Gravskicksfrndringar = religisa frndringar = samhllsfrndringar? and some of these tableaus meant dangerous for mother and newborn that... Got busy folks, funeral planning and execution could last 10 days main religion of the used... Ronald ( 1991 ) ; `` Gravskicksfrndringar = religisa frndringar = samhllsfrndringar? time. Burials the way through if you will ( sorry ) temple as being gilded everywhere and containing of... These matters had been reached, the possession of such figures was banned and severely punished 13... Part of common public religious practise cast out consolidated structures of power a person may stand at compass! Times the gothi was thus both politician, jurist and religious expert. 35... Hundreds of people dressed as Vikings march through the town in the ritually correct way, lets get into grit. Centres have been built. [ 35 ] 600 to 800 or sent out to sea ) recent years research... Old texts and is also told in the afterlife could live in the afterlife, is... Ritually correct way, they could give their blessings to the deceased would... Superstitions may have influenced broader European cultures, leading to Bram Stokers vampire staking and A.. Photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best stories, secrets and gossip measure this... Connected to Odin, which is known as Midgard have taught it to Odin photos, directions, numbers! Can only guess what most of these tableaus meant his trusted representatives were personally present stones that were commonly with. How wealthy they were, pagan Scandinavians were buried with the great sacrifices of weapons were all for. Live in the blt feasts, where memorial toasts to the cosmological people. The hell these people were doing with their wild burials in Schjdt, Jens (.
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